The Global Partnership for Education’s (GPE) Knowledge and Innovation Exchange (KIX) thematic funding supports global and regional initiatives that use knowledge exchange, evidence and innovation to help developing countries solve critical educational challenges. A GPE discussion paper,Improving teaching and learning. A knowledge and innovation exchange (KIX) discussion paper was published in July 2019. The purpose of this paper is to describe the current landscape in improving teaching and learning and spark discussion and debate around potential areas for GPE/KIX investment. The "describes the challenges facing developing country to improve learning levels and reviews existing efforts to address those challenges through global goods. It identifies remaining knowledge and innovation gaps and offers a set of areas in which GPE could invest.
"focus on teachers and their work,and on three important sets of challenges that affect them:
1.The quality of support to teacher development. This includes weak content and pedagogical knowledge and classroom skills (including instructional practices) among teachers, often because of low quality of pre-and in-service teacher training. This is related to inadequate standards and accreditation for teachers and a lack of ongoing support and coaching from head teachers and other administrative leaders.
2.Teaching methods and learning materials.This includes a lack of textbooks and other learning materials;language issues, particularly around mother-tongue teaching; and teaching that is not aligned with children’s current level of understanding.
3.Systems for recruiting, managing and engaging teachers.This includes attracting and retaining the most qualified individuals to the teaching profession, deploying teachers to areas of the country with the greatest need, reducing unauthorized teacher absences and maximizing instructional time, and engaging teachers in policy dialogue and reform.
The GPE paper reviews several global and regional initiatives currently underway from UNESCO, GPE and other organizations that aim to improve the quality of teaching. A notable item in that list is the Breadth of Learning Opportunities initiative led by the Brookings Institution and Education International that includes physical health and emotional/social well-being.
The paper concludes by identifying five areas for investment. These include "sharing what works" to (a) improve data on teachers and teaching, enhance teacher recruitment, selection & retention, (c) improving accountability, incentives & rewards, (d) scaling up high quality teaching in early childhood and primary grades (e) enabling school and system level factors that support teaching (f) aligning budgets, planning and workforce changes to increase the number of teachers and transparency. 
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The written submission from the committee responsible for monitoring the achievement of SD Goal #4 (Education) to the UN High Level Political Forum in July 2019 cause concern for those seeking to ensure that the educational objectives described in Target 4.7 of the Goal include attention to health and life skills education as per the 2015 Incheon Declaration which includes health and life skills as essential parts of a high quality education (See below). Most of the SDG committee's submission does a good job of calling for more investments in equity/access and in describing how Goal #4 (education) is connected to other goals such as #10 (inequalities), #5 (gender), #8 (employment), #16 (peace, good government), #13 (climate action) and the role of education sector in coordination (#17), Notably, Goal #3 (health), #6 (water, sanitation) and #2 (hunger) are missing from this discussion. The exclusion of these goals from the submission needs further explanation given that the theme of the HLPF was "Empowering people and ensuring inclusiveness and equality".

The submission from the SDG committee does not directly address the content/learning objectives that should be part of Target 4.7 but it does refer to the Brussels Declaration (see below) which was published subsequent to a series of UNESCO-led consultation in December 2018. It is disappointing to note that the work done by FRESH Partners in adding the concepts of health and life skills to the Incheon Declaration continues to be ignored or misunderstood. We are not opposed to adding new elements to the definition of quality student learning content but surely it is easy to understand that sexuality education is part of health education and at least equal in importance to physical education. And surely life skills, a key concept in most curricula around the world deserve more attention. 
     
These two documents underscore the importance of the work of the FRESH Working Group on Health Literacy, Life Skills and Social Inclusion which is building the case and demonstrating how Health, Personal & Social Development (HPSD) education is already a core subject in most countries and should be considered and monitored by the SDG committee monitoring progress in Goal #4 and Target 4.7.

The 2015 Incheon Declaration included this wording: "Quality education fosters creativity and knowledge, and ensures the acquisition of the foundational skills of literacy and numeracy as well as analytical, problem-solving and other high-level cognitive, interpersonal and social skills. It also develops the skills, values and attitudes that enable citizens to lead healthy and fulfilled lives, make informed decisions, and respond to local and global challenges through education for sustainable development (ESD) and global citizenship education (GCED)." as well as this reference tolife skills "We further commit to ensuring that all youth and adults, especially girls and women, achieve relevant and recognized functional literacy and numeracy proficiency levels and acquire life skills, and that they are provided with adult learning, education and training opportunities. We are also committed to strengthening science, technology and innovation.". These statements define the content for a holistic, high quality education that meets the needs of the whole child.    .

The 2018 Brussels Declaration defines the content of a high quality education. Health and Life Skills education are absent from the statement, ignoring the foundation provided by Incheon Declaration but adding pieces such as sexuality education and physical education.  "we commit to supporting lifelong learning opportunities for all to ensure necessary competencies for personal development, decent work and sustainable development, with attention to climate change, adaptation and mitigation. Additionally, education institutions must provide children, youth and adult learners with the competences to be active citizens in democratic and sustainable societies. This includes efforts to promote education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, democracy and human rights, gender equality, age-appropriate comprehensive sexuality education, physical education and sports, education in native language, peace and non-violence, global citizenship and active participation, appreciation for cultural diversity, multilingualism, intercultural dialogue, solidarity and more peaceful, tolerant and inclusive societies. This requires attention to pedagogy, curricula, teaching and learning materials, assessments, initial teacher training and continuous professional development, inter alia.

A special issue of the Journal of Adolescent Health in July 2019 contains several cost-benefit estimates of investing in health, education, productivity and safety in low & middle income countries. "The papers in this supplement present an important milestone in addressing this challenge, helping the international development field to move forward by focusing on the question of investing at scale for a few key components of the adolescent health agenda that are especially relevant for low- and middle-income contexts. All the empirical papers assess the effectiveness of implementing a specific set of interventions nationally at scale for their prioritized outcome of interest—health, education, productivity, safety—for a sustained period through 2030. The analyses confirm that the resulting benefits in all cases are substantial, both for the adolescents and for the economic and social progress of their nations. Four of the five empirical papers also model the costs of these interventions, and three papers further extend their analysis to calculate benefit-to-cost ratios (BCRs) of such investments. The BCRs range from 5.8 to 12.6, indicating a compelling case for national and global decision-makers to prioritize investing in adolescents."  ....

• "Sweeney et al. [10] make the case for investments to improve outcomes in adolescent sexual and reproductive health, the health of adolescent mothers and their newborn children, and adolescent relevant communicable and noncommunicable diseases. They examine investments in intervention-specific costs, program costs, and health systems costs for 40 low- and middle-income countries. For the 66 adolescent health interventions modeled through 2030, they estimate 7.0 million deaths and 1.5 million serious disabilities averted at the average cost of $4.5 per capita each year. They also estimate BCRs of 12.6 for low-income, 9.9 for lower middle-income, and 6.4 for upper middle-income countries.  
• Rassmusen et al. model the effects of a set of identified interventions on child marriage (life skills, community mobilization, and cash transfers) and education (availability and proximity of schools, teacher quality, and cash incentives) for 31 low- and middle-income countries [11]. They find that the interventions result in an 8% reduction in marriage rates for 15-17 year olds by 2050, an increase of 19.3% in school attendance and completion, and 22.7% increase in productivity by 2030. The average BCR for these interventions is 7.4.
• Wils et al. [12] find that in 44 low- and middle-income countries, school dropout among preadolescents is now very rare. Rather, dropout is mainly an adolescent effect—especially between ages 14-19 years and particularly for girls. Their analysis shows that at the cost of $10.5 per capita per annum, nine identified interventions can be sustained through 2030, increasing secondary completion rates by 25% and doubling the quality of secondary schooling as measured by the learning index.
• On a continuum to this analysis, Sheehan and Shi [13] estimate the economic returns to both the quantity and quality of education for adolescents in the context of the actual employment patterns in 72 low- and middle-income countries. They find that with sustained investment through 2030, the economic benefits of better education for adolescent cohorts lead to an increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of 40% overall and 50% in low-income countries.
• Noting that in 75 low- and middle-income countries, death rates by road accidents are disproportionately high and the leading cause of death for adolescents, Symons et al. [14] provide an assessment of interventions to reduce these deaths and injuries for adolescents. Modeling of their preferred interventions results in 1 million deaths and 3 million serious injuries averted, at a cost of $1.2 per capita and a BCR of 7.6   

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A research review reported in the July 2019 issue of the Journal of Adolescence found that "Greater density of same race/ethnic peers led to better mental health for all youth" and that ".No overall mental health advantage in schools with increased diversity was found."A range of mental health outcomes were assessed (e.g., internalizing behaviors, psychotic symptoms) in order to broadly capture the relationship between school context on mental health and psychological wellbeing. Methods: A search across six databases from 1990 to 2018 resulted in 13 articles from three countries (United States, United Kingdom, and the Netherlands) that met inclusion criteria following a two step review of titles/abstracts and full-text."  Read more....

An article in the July 2019 issue of Pediatrics examined associations between adolescent connectedness and multiple health-related outcomes in adulthood. "We used weighted data from Waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 14 800). Linear and logistic models were used to examine associations between family and school connectedness in adolescence and self-reported health risk behaviors and experiences in adulthood, including emotional distress, suicidal thoughts and attempts, physical violence victimization and perpetration, intimate partner physical and sexual violence victimization, multiple sex partners, condom use, sexually transmitted infection (STI) diagnosis, prescription drug misuse, and other illicit drug use.In multivariable analyses, school connectedness in adolescence had independent protective associations in adulthood, reducing emotional distress and odds of suicidal ideation, physical violence victimization and perpetration, multiple sex partners, STI diagnosis, prescription drug misuse, and other illicit drug use. Similarly, family connectedness had protective effects for emotional distress, all violence indicators, including intimate partner violence, multiple sex partners, STI diagnosis, and both substance use indicators. Compared to individuals with low scores for each type of connectedness, having high levels of both school and family connectedness was associated with 48% to 66% lower odds of health risk behaviors and experiences in adulthood, depending on the outcome.  Read more......